Derrick Broze, ContributorIn a recent speech, the director of the Central Intelligence Agency discussed the controversial topic of geoengineering, leading some activists to ask whether the agency is actively and deliberately modifying the weather.In late June, John Brennan, director of the Central Intelligence Agency, spoke at a Council on Foreign Relations meeting about threats to global security. Director Brennan mentioned a number of threats to stability before di [...]
Brett Wilbanks, Staff WriterArsenic is a common element found in nature. It occurs naturally in a variety of sources, from soil and water, to foods that we eat on a regular basis. There are several forms of arsenic, and some, particularly certain inorganic forms, are more harmful than others.According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, two compounds found in inorganic arsenic are known carcinogenic substances and are associated with a number of devastating health eff [...]
Robert Wadlow (1918-1940), the tallest man who ever lived."Ants easily outnumber us because they are small. Our larger bodies require a much greater energy supply from the local resources, so it would be impossible for us to match the ant population. Now apply this concept to intelligent life across the universe. On average, we should expect physically larger species to have fewer individuals than the smaller species. And, just like with countries, we should expect to be in one of the bigger populations. In other words, we are much more likely to find ourselves to be the ants among intelligent species."
The exoplanet 55 Cancri e has been observed passing in front of its star for the first time by a ground-based telescope. What do we know about this strange planet?Excerpt from techtimes.comThe exoplanet 55 Cancri e has been seen transiting, or passin...
We come forth to unseal the envelope of your light. We ask you as you sit on this threshold of starriness and to see each and every one of your selves as a galaxy, as a constellation, as a star in the heavens. For one day each one of you will be exactly that. Just As Mother Earth is on her way to becoming a star through all of her seven billion plus children, you too are programmed to seek to become more. One day you will become as an Earth or a planetary event that ascends through all of your inhabitants.
As you move into the stellar horizon of becoming a constellation, or becoming a star –you will exceed the expectation you have of your self this very minute of time. You see yourselves as meek and mild and incomplete. But we see you as tiny seeds of galaxies yet to come, of stars yet to be born, and of constellations yet created. You are vast beyond your ability to measure. You are vast beyond your ability to remember And you are vast beyond your ability to see. We ask you to see yourself as a nebula, a star nursery. See within that nursery, the seed of your future. You are not a twinkle in some man’s eye or some women’s body – you are a twinkle in God’s Heart. For you are not just a human ascending, you are seedling stars and galaxies and universes. You have not crawled from the sludge of the earth. you have come from the beginning of Light. It is there that you search for your mirror reflection.
you now enter into a new remembrance of just how simple it is to instruct the molecules of thought into matter. You do not have to wait for a planetary line up or a holy day. You do not have to wait until someone on the Internet tells you it is time to pray and line up your axional event. You do not have to wait until Sunday to be holy. For you are the Light Event that you so seek. Do not allow the instructions and intentions of others to tell you when to birth your dream. .
You have each beaten a path forward in time beyond the mass consciousness, beyond the mass understanding. You streak as a falling star towards what your heart yearns for. Do not stop and wait for the mass consciousness to catch up – because you will sit on your laurels through many a cold winter and hot summer.
You each march to a different drum that is how you were created. you are strong of nature and heart on purpose. In the time that comes you will be instructed in the ways of receiving. Receiving entails more than a gift, a compliment, a free meal – receiving is everything that gives to you, All of life. Receiving is vast and cannot fit into a box. Receive from the wind, the night, and the stars. Every time you come together, you create a bountiful portal where anything and everything is possible. Within that portal is a doorway of creation.
You are given opportunity after opportunity to shift, to change, to grow, to become more. Do not forget to accept the gifts that life gives you. The bounty that this land that you live upon, gives you, the gifts that are just for you and you alone. We are the Pleiadian energies. All of life asks you to receive. Look at your world. Stretch your wings. Stretch your perimeters examine the limitations that you have placed around your self. as creator why have you chosen this experience? For when you stretch yourself, you will truly appreciate whom you are, what you have, and where you live. You are the true treasures. You are the true riches. you are what you seek.
Gillian MacBeth-Louthan - PO box 217 - Dandridge, Tennessee 37725-0217 - www.thequantumawakening.com thequantumawakening@hughes.net
The Andromeda Galaxy, also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts, is a spiral galaxy approximately 2,500,000 light-years away in the constellation Andromeda.
It is the nearest spiral galaxy to our own, the Milky Way. As it is visible as a faint smudge on a moonless night, it is one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye, and can be seen even from urban areas with binoculars. It is named after the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology.
Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, the Triangulum Galaxy, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. Although the largest, Andromeda may not be the most massive, as recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping.
The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains one trillion (1012) stars, several times more than the number of stars in our own galaxy, which is estimated to be c. 200-400 billion.
While the 2006 estimates put the mass of the Milky Way to be ~80% of the mass of Andromeda, which is estimated to be 7.1 X 1011 solar masses, a 2009 study concluded that Andromeda and the Milky Way are about equal in mass.
At an apparent magnitude of 3.4, the Andromeda Galaxy is notable for being one of the brightest Messier objects, making it easily visible to the naked eye even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution. Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full moon when photographed through a larger telescope, only the brighter central region is visible with the naked eye.
Observation History
The earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy was in 964 CE by the Persian astronomer, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), who described it as a "small cloud" in his Book of Fixed Stars. Other star charts of that period have it labeled as the Little Cloud.
The first description of the object based on telescopic observation was given by Simon Marius in 1612.
Charles Messier catalogued it as object M31 in 1764 and incorrectly credited Marius as the discoverer, unaware of Al Sufi's earlier work.
In 1785, the astronomer William Herschel noted a faint reddish hue in the core region of the M31. He believed it to be the nearest of all the "great nebulae" and, based on the color and magnitude of the nebula, he incorrectly guessed that it was no more than 2,000 times the distance of Sirius.
William Huggins in 1864 observed the spectrum of M31 and noted that it differed from a gaseous nebula. The spectra of M31 displayed a continuum of frequencies, superimposed with dark absorption lines that help identify the chemical composition of an object. The Andromeda nebula was very similar to the spectra of individual stars, and from this it was deduced that M31 had a stellar nature.
In 1885, a supernova (known as "S Andromedae") was seen in M31, the first and so far only one observed in that galaxy. At the time M31 was considered to be a nearby object, so the cause was thought to be a much less luminous and unrelated event called a nova, and was named accordingly "Nova 1885".
The first photographs of M31 were taken in 1887 by Isaac Roberts from his private observatory in Sussex, England. The long-duration exposure allowed the spiral structure of the galaxy to be seen for the first time. However, at the time this object was commonly believed to be a nebula within our galaxy, and Roberts mistakenly believed that M31 and similar spiral nebulae were actually solar systems being formed, with the satellites nascent planets.
The radial velocity of this object with respect to our solar system was measured in 1912 by Vesto Slipher at the Lowell Observatory, using spectroscopy. The result was the largest velocity recorded at that time, at 300 kilometres per second (190 mi/s), moving in the direction of the Sun.
Island Universe
In 1917, Heber Curtis observed a nova within M31. Searching the photographic record, 11 more novae were discovered. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within our Galaxy. As a result he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 500,000 light-years (3.2X1010 AU). He became a proponent of the so-called "island universes" hypothesis, which held that spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies.
In 1920 the Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis took place, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the universe. To support his claim that Great Andromeda Nebula (M31) was an external galaxy, Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in our own Galaxy, as well as the significant Doppler shift.
In 1922 Ernst Opik presented a very elegant and simple astrophysical method to estimate the distance of M31, his result (450 kpc (1,500 kly)) put Andromeda Nebula far outside our Galaxy.
Edwin Hubble settled the debate in 1925 when he identified extragalactic Cepheid variable stars for the first time on astronomical photos of M31. These were made using the 2.5 metres (98 in) Hooker telescope, and they enabled the distance of Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined. His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within our Galaxy, but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from our own.
Andromeda plays an important role in galactic studies, since it is the nearest spiral galaxy (although not the nearest galaxy).
In 1943, Walter Baade was the first person to resolve stars in the central region of the Andromeda Galaxy. Based on his observations of this galaxy, he was able to discern two distinct populations of stars based on their metallicity, naming the young, high velocity stars in the disk Type I and the older, red stars in the bulge Type II. This nomenclature was subsequently adopted for stars within the Milky Way, and elsewhere. (The existence of two distinct populations had been noted earlier by Jan Oort.) Dr. Baade also discovered that there were two types of Cepheid variables, which resulted in a doubling of the distance estimate to M31, as well as the remainder of the Universe.
Radio emission from the Andromeda Galaxy was first detected by Grote Reber in 1940. The first radio maps of the galaxy were made in the 1950s by John Baldwin and collaborators at the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group. The core of the Andromeda Galaxy is called 2C 56 in the 2C radio astronomy catalogue.
In 2009, the first planet may have been discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy. This candidate was detected using a technique called microlensing, which is caused by the deflection of light by a massive object.
Structure
Based on its appearance in visible light, the Andromeda galaxy is classified as an SA(s)b galaxy in the de Vaucouleurs-Sandage extended classification system of spiral galaxies. However, data from the 2MASS survey showed that the bulge of M31 has a box-like appearance, which implies that the galaxy is actually a barred galaxy with the bar viewed almost directly along its long axis.
In 2005, astronomers used the Keck telescopes to show that the tenuous sprinkle of stars extending outward from the galaxy is actually part of the main disk itself. This means that the spiral disk of stars in Andromeda is three times larger in diameter than previously estimated. This constitutes evidence that there is a vast, extended stellar disk that makes the galaxy more than 220,000 light-years (67,000 pc) in diameter. Previously, estimates of Andromeda's size ranged from 70,000 to 120,000 light-years (21,000 to 37,000 pc) across.
The galaxy is inclined an estimated 77° relative to the Earth (where an angle of 90° would be viewed directly from the side). Analysis of the cross-sectional shape of the galaxy appears to demonstrate a pronounced, S-shaped warp, rather than just a flat disk. A possible cause of such a warp could be gravitational interaction with the satellite galaxies near M31. The galaxy M33 could be responsible for some warp in M31's arms, though more precise distances and radial velocities are required.
Spectroscopic studies have provided detailed measurements of the rotational velocity of M31 at various radii from the core. In the vicinity of the core, the rotational velocity climbs to a peak of 225 kilometres per second (140 mi/s) at a radius of 1,300 light-years (82,000,000 AU) light-years, then descends to a minimum at 7,000 light-years (440,000,000 AU) where the rotation velocity may be as low as 50 kilometres per second (31 mi/s).
Thereafter the velocity steadily climbs again out to a radius of 33,000 light-years (2.1x109 AU), where it reaches a peak of 250 kilometres per second (160 mi/s). The velocities slowly decline beyond that distance, dropping to around 200 kilometres per second (120 mi/s) at 80,000 light-years (5.1x109 AU). These velocity measurements imply a concentrated mass of about 6 x 109 M in the nucleus. The total mass of the galaxy increases linearly out to 45,000 light-years (2.8 x109 AU), then more slowly beyond that radius.
The spiral arms of Andromeda are outlined by a series of H II regions that Baade described as resembling "beads on a string". They appear to be tightly wound, although they are more widely spaced than in our galaxy.
Rectified images of the galaxy show a fairly normal spiral galaxy with the arms wound up in a clockwise direction. There are two continuous trailing arms that are separated from each other by a minimum of about 13,000 light-years (8.2E+8 AU). These can be followed outward from a distance of roughly 1,600 light-years (100,000,000 AU) from the core. The most likely cause of the spiral pattern is thought to be interaction with M32. This can be seen by the displacement of the neutral hydrogen clouds from the stars.
In 1998, images from the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory demonstrated that the overall form of the Andromeda galaxy may be transitioning into a ring galaxy. The gas and dust within Andromeda is generally formed into several overlapping rings, with a particularly prominent ring formed at a radius of 32,000 light-years (2.0x109 AU) from the core. This ring is hidden from visible light images of the galaxy because it is composed primarily of cold dust.
Close examination of the inner region of Andromeda showed a smaller dust ring that is believed to have been caused by the interaction with M32 more than 200 million years ago. Simulations show that the smaller galaxy passed through the disk of Andromeda along the latter's polar axis. This collision stripped more than half the mass from the smaller M32 and created the ring structures in Andromeda.
Studies of the extended halo of M31 show that it is roughly comparable to that of the Milky Way, with stars in the halo being generally "metal-poor", and increasingly so with greater distance. This evidence indicates that the two galaxies have followed similar evolutionary paths. They are likely to have accreted and assimilated about 1-200 low-mass galaxies during the past 12 billion years. The stars in the extended halos of M31 and the Milky Way may extend nearly one third the distance separating the two galaxies.
Nucleus
M31 is known to harbor a dense and compact star cluster at its very center. In a large telescope it creates a visual impression of a star embedded in the more diffuse surrounding bulge. The luminosity of the nucleus is in excess of the most luminous globular clusters.
In 1991 Tod R. Lauer used WFPC, then on board the Hubble Space Telescope, to image Andromeda's inner nucleus. The nucleus consists of two concentrations separated by 1.5 parsecs (4.9 ly). The brighter concentration, designated as P1, is offset from the center of the galaxy. The dimmer concentration, P2, falls at the true center of the galaxy and contains a 3-5x107 M black hole.
Scott Tremaine has proposed that the observed double nucleus could be explained if P1 is the projection of a disk of stars in an eccentric orbit around the central black hole. The eccentricity is such that stars linger at the orbital apocenter, creating a concentration of stars. P2 also contains a compact disk of hot, spectral class A stars. The A stars are not evident in redder filters, but in blue and ultraviolet light they dominate the nucleus, causing P2 to appear more prominent than P1.
While at the initial time of its discovery it was hypothesized that the brighter portion of the double nucleus was the remnant of a small galaxy "cannibalized" by Andromeda, this is no longer considered to be a viable explanation. The primary reason is that such a nucleus would have an exceedingly short lifetime due to tidal disruption by the central black hole. While this could be partially resolved if P1 had its own black hole to stabilize it, the distribution of stars in P1 does not suggest that there is a black hole at its center.
Artist's concept of Andromeda galaxy core showing a view across a
mysterious disk of young, blue stars encircling a supermassive black
hole.
Multiple X-ray sources have been detected in the Andromeda Galaxy, using observations from the ESA's XMM-Newton orbiting observatory. Robin Barnard et al. hypothesized that these are candidate black holes or neutron stars, which are heating incoming gas to millions of kelvins and emitting X-rays. The spectrum of the neutron stars is the same as the hypothesized black holes, but can be distinguished by their masses.
There are approximately 460 globular clusters associated with the Andromeda galaxy. The most massive of these clusters, identified as Mayall II, nicknamed Globular One, has a greater luminosity than any other known globular cluster in the local group of galaxies.
It contains several million stars, and is about twice as luminous as Omega Centauri, the brightest known globular cluster in the Milky Way. Globular One (or G1) has several stellar populations and a structure too massive for an ordinary globular. As a result, some consider G1 to be the remnant core of a dwarf galaxy that was consumed by M31 in the distant past. The globular with the greatest apparent brightness is G76 which is located in the south-west arm's eastern half.
In 2005, astronomers discovered a completely new type of star cluster in M31. The new-found clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, a similar number of stars that can be found in globular clusters. What distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger several hundred light-years across and hundreds of times less dense. The distances between the stars are, therefore, much greater within the newly discovered extended clusters.
Future Collision of the Milky Way with Andromeda
The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Sun at about 100 to 140 kilometres per second (62 to 87 mi/s),[56] so it is one of the few blue shifted galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are thus expected to collide in perhaps 2.5 billion years, although the details are uncertain since Andromeda's tangential velocity with respect to the Milky Way is only known to within about a factor of two.
A likely outcome of the collision is that the galaxies will merge to form a giant elliptical galaxy. Such events are frequent among the galaxies in galaxy groups. The fate of the Earth and the Solar System in the event of a collision are presently unknown. If the galaxies do not merge, there is a small chance that the Solar System could be ejected from the Milky Way or join Andromeda.
Andromeda's
Satellite Galaxies Wikipedia
Like the Milky Way, Andromeda Galaxy has satellite galaxies, consisting
of 14 known dwarf galaxies.
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2010: A New Linear Cycle Spun by Ancient Technology
We are indeed embarking on a new cycle. A new cycle called 2010. It is the entrance into what is recognized as “a New Year”. Each new year; new cycle is the result of the culmination of all prior cycles. Cycles are segmented periods between two points…which we recognize as “time”; having a beginning and an end. It is within these two points that we experience our own cycles. Are we affected by the general cycle defined by the period known as a “year”? Yes indeed…why? Because we are wired into the cycles of the turning wheel.
Each cycle has its own theme; its own guidelines, its own rules by which the collective human experience is mapped. Simply put there are some base guidelines for operating in this system. The questions is, are we confined to the motion of this wheel; are we tied to the movement and the conditions of this wheel; this blueprint. No! However it is an essential guideline for the navigation of the dreaming human; it is an integral part of the game. It is a fundamental technology set in place for the navigation of the entire human experience.
We speak of ancient engineers and architects but never do we speak of programmers. As humans we fear the thought of a drop in the “value” principles which we have placed on ourselves as humans. The thought of accepting the realization that we operate in these uniquely engineered vehicles scares most as there is that sense of losing value. To become aware of such truths will actually open one up to the “observer” that you are, as you are only driven around in your body/vehicle.
There is a great technology at work and it is from this technology that we build our computers and our machineries. We speak of the Mayan Calendar and the calculations done by indigenous groups on the planet including the Sumerians and the Dogons, they speak of cycles. They speak of Gods, they speak of those from the Sky, but what and who are these forces that seem to enter this virtual world? Yes our virtual reality. How is the “space” called reality truly being run, what is the cosmic technology behind it. Do you want to know or are you simply satisfied with the fact that you were engineered by another set of beings? What is it that was engineered, was it simply the vehicle/body?
Most certainly…as consciousness cannot be engineered however the mind connected with the vesicle can be overshadowed or blocked due to the design of the vehicle/body. One might say well if it is only the body that has been engineered then why can’t I simply jump into a greater awareness? Well there is difficulty as humans have convinced themselves that they are completely their body. So all that is accessed is the programming of the body which is genius in terms of the extensive data that it holds and from which it runs itself.
The body is then wired into the cycles which produce the concept we view as “linear time”. How is time “generated” in this turning wheel? An essential question that should be asked by those who are ready to step outside of their human programming for just a moment so that you can see more of the intricacies of this dream world you are in. Amazing, amazing, amazing! Scientists and others will tell you that you can’t see it but
I am here to tell you that you can see it once you can step outside of your program, not just your individual program but the collective human program. I will say this to you the current program being offered by this unfolding cycle is one of the “group mind” concept disguised as the “enlightenment” idea of merging into “oneness”. There is oneness always but not necessarily a complete integration which would set aside the individualized aspect of core consciousness. This individualized aspect as imagined by core consciousness is essential in the movement of its imagination through all of its potentials.
Now will there be some who will participate in this Borg consciousness? Most definitely! Remember that the potentials and possibilities are endless. You are part of a vast imagination machine. Is your fate sealed to move in this direction? No! Each of us is the face of “core consciousness”, we are each paradoxically core consciousness. Many would have you sign on for the “no choice” rule. Choice however is an intricate science as all choices being made by the dreaming human is tied to a vast stream of inherited codes and programs from which we each operate. This exceeds time and space as we know it to be.
The idea of being an awakened being requires so much more than the illusion by which many so termed “conscious people” are willing to explore. Well you might say, Sonia do you consider yourself to be an awakened being…well I will say this, I have discovered great many truths and continue to discover and awaken to knowledge that reminds me of just how deeply we have fallen asleep and that there is no room for complacency in my growth. Your journey and your desires may not be the same as mine and that’s ok. You are not running out of time no matter what anyone tells you. Neither do you need to spend your time trying to save the planet and chant for peace. Those are all external approaches and as always the greatest gift that you can give to this game is to focus on your own realization and your own awakening to yourself…you represent the whole! But should you desire to experience the game from that perspective you are of course welcome to that experience. You are here to enjoy yourself in whatever way unfolds in your mind…all levels of emotions. You don’t have to be anything for anyone!
This upcoming cycle will bring new health issues as this programming is part of the cyclic theme unfolding. This has been in the making…an insert into the minds or the wiring of humans for the past few years. The health care bill is simply a code that will impact the entire planet as all nations will review their health care policies. This involves all people; those practicing alternative health and those practicing conventional medicine. There will be battle between the two minds and those in the alternative health consciousness will not realize that they too are part of the game. There is fear of germs, viruses, nihi and so many more new health scares that will be in store for the human mind. Many people will be distracted and become obsessed with staying healthy; we will argue over raw food or vegetarian, fruitarian or pescaterian…oh this is going to be funny! We are already doing this so this will be turned up a notch. We are a gullible group but don’t beat yourself up, this is all part of the dance. I have played it too and am recovering from it.
Learn to do whatever it is you do simply because you want to not based on an over abundance of fear otherwise you will create more of what you don’t want.
Don’t set yourself up with New Year’s resolutions and then feel like a failure when you are not able to comply. Remember that 2010 can be different. You can utilize the programming associated with this cycle and begin a transition beyond the “linear time” programs designed for the human experience. 0 Point is not the final point contrary to what is “believed”. Let’s discover more in this fascinating expedition we call “reality”. Have a profound 2010! Much love to you all, my fellow explorer!
©2010 Sonia Barrett
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